OF THE BARSINE FLAMMEALIS SPECIES-COMPLEX WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES FROM HIMALAYA ( LEPIDOPTERA , EREBIDAE , ARCTIINAE )

The paper contains a review of the Barsine flammealis species-complex. The status of Barsine pretiosa Moore, 1879 is revised, diagnoses for B. flammealis Moore, 1878 and B. pretiosa are given. A new species, Barsine pseudomactans Volynkin & Černý, sp. nov. is described from Himalaya (eastern India, Bhutan and Nepal). Adults, male and female genitalia of all species mentioned are illustrated.


INTRODUCTION
Barsine Walker, 1854 is a large genus of lichen-moths (family Erebidae, subfamily Arctiinae, tribe Lithosiini) including about a hundred of described species and widely distributed in Oriental tropics.A number of species is also known from the Himalayan Region, Russian Far East, Japan, Korea, China and Taiwan.The diagnosis of the genus was given by Holloway (2001).
Species of Barsine sensu stricto (close to the type species of the genus, B. defecta Walker, 1854) are mediumsized moths widely distributed in Eurasian tropic and temperate zones, and much less diverse in Sundaland and the Philippines.The group is most diverse in the wide sense Himalayan Region.The group subdivides into several well separated morphologically species-groups and complexes according to the male genitalia structure.The main features of the species groups are the shape and size of the distal saccular process, presence/absence and a shape of its dorsal lobe, and a configuration of the vesica diverticuli.
The present paper is devoted to the taxonomy of the Barsine flammealis species-complex.The status of Barsine pretiosa Moore, 1879 is revised, diagnoses for B. flammealis Moore, 1878 and B. pretiosa are given.A new species, Barsine pseudomactans Volynkin & Černý, sp.nov. is described from Himalaya (eastern India, Bhutan and Nepal).

MATERIAL AND METHODS
The paper is based on the materials of collections of the Natural History Museum, London (formerly British Museum of Natural History, NHM, London, Great Britain), Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig (ZFMK, Bonn, Germany), Karel Černý (CKC, Innsbruck, Austria) and Anton Volynkin (CAV, Barnaul, Russia).The genitalia were dissected and mounted in euparal on glass slides.Photos of imago where taken using the camera Nikon D3100/AF-S Nikkor, 18-55 mm.Photos of the genitalia where taken by same camera attached to a microscope with an LM-scope adapter, and further processed by Adobe Photoshop CS4® software.The terminology of the genitalia structure was given by Volynkin & Černý (2016).
The Barsine flammealis species-complex Medium-sized moths with a wing pattern and a coloration typical for Barsine sensu stricto.The main features of the group are in the male genitalia: in all species the distal saccular process is bilobate with a distal lobe much longer than a dorsal one, and both 1st and 2nd medial diverticuli are bilobate .The male genitalia structure is close to that of B. defecta species-complex (Figs 14,15,22), but the latter has the medial costal process claw-like curved apically, the 1st medial diverticulum not bilobate and C-like curved, and the 2nd medial diverticulum not bilobate.The species-complex includes three known species: B. flammealis Moore, 1878, B. pretiosa Moore, 1879 and B. pseudomactans sp.nov.Moore, 1878 (Figs 1-3, 18, 26) Barsine flammealis Moore, 1878, Proceedings of the general meetings for scientific business of the Zoological Society of London 1878: 28, pl. 3, fig.15 (Type locality: "India").
Additional material examined: series of specimens of both sexes from Nepal, East India (Sikkim, north of West Bengal, Meghalaya), North Thailand (Chiang Mai and Nan provinces), Central Vietnam (Quang Ngai and Kon Tum provinces) (Colls NHM, ZFMK, CKC, CAV).
Diagnosis.Externally, B. flammealis (Figs 1-3) differs from other relatives by its forewings broad, the dark pattern elements blackish, the reddish pattern elements broad and bright red or dark red.The male genitalia structure (Fig. 18) is very close to that of B. pseudomactans sp.nov.and B. pretiosa, but differs from B. pseudomactans sp.nov.(Figs 20,21) by the uncus slightly longer, the medial costal process slightly broader subapically, the apex of distal saccular process pointed, the 1st medial diverticulum stronger bilobate, the apical lobes smaller and cornuti in the 2nd medial diverticulum smaller, and the 3rd medial diverticulum distally narrower and covered by smaller cornuti; from B. pretiosa (Fig. 19) differs by the medial costal process narrowed subapically and lobe-like broadened apically, the dorsal lobe of distal saccular process broader and blunt, the 1st medial diverticulum less bilobate, and the apical lobes of the 2nd medial diverticulum larger.The female genitalia of B. flammealis (Fig. 26) differ from those of B. pseudomactans sp.nov.(Fig. 24) by the sclerotized section of corpus bursae slightly shorter, the sclerotization of posterior section of corpus bursae more rugose, the medial signum much longer, and the anterior signum slightly shorter; from B. pretiosa (Fig. 25) differ by the sclerotized section of ductus bursae shorter and broadened anteriorly, the appendix bursae larger and apically more rounded, the medial signum much longer and the anterior signum slightly shorter.
Note.The populations from Thailand and Vietnam (Fig. 3) have the red elements of forewing pattern larger and darker than the Himalayan populations (Figs 1, 2), but no significant differences in the genitalia.To clarify a status of the eastern populations of the species molecular studies are needed.
Additional material examined: 1 male, 1 female,   Notes.The name pretiosa and many other large-sized Barsine taxa were synonymized with B. gratiosa (Guérin-Méneville, 1843) by Hampson (1900).Later, pretiosa was treated as distinct species by Draudt (1914) and Strand (1922).Daniel (1951Daniel ( , 1952) ) restored some taxa described from China and Japan (B. pulchra (Butler, 1877) and B. striata (Bremer & Grey, 1852)), but did not revise Himalayan taxa because of the lack of material.Kaleka (2003) treated B. pretiosa as a distinct species, but illustrations in his paper are poorly informative and poorly correspond to the real male genitalia of Indian Barsine species (and the genitalia of 'B.gratiosa' definitely do not belong to gratiosa and more resemble those of B. mactans ), and, in addition, B. mactans and B. flammealis were not mentioned, so the species treatments in the paper are doubtful and need revision as well as the status of two new species described (B.valvalis Kaleka, 2003 andB. thomasi Kaleka, 2003).The examination of the type and additional specimens of pretiosa confirmed its species status and close relation to B. flammealis and not B. gratiosa (Figs 16,17).The latter belongs to the distinct species-group that differs clearly from other large Barsine species by the shape of the medial costal process and the distal saccular process in the male genitalia (Fig. 28), and presence of numerous spinules in the corpus bursae in the female genitalia (Fig. 29).The male genitalia of B. gratiosa were correctly illustrated by Daniel (1951).
Diagnosis.Externally, B. pretiosa (Figs 4-6) differs from other relatives by its forewings less colorful and the dark patter elements more diffused.The male genitalia structure (Fig. 19) is very close to that of B. pseudomactans sp.nov.and B. flammealis, but differs from B. pseudomactans sp.nov.(Figs 20,21) by the uncus slightly longer, the medial costal process evenly narrowed distally, the apex of distal saccular process blunt, the dorsal lobe of distal saccular process narrower and pointed, and the cornuti in the 2nd medial diverticulum larger; from B. flammealis (Fig. 18) differs by the medial costal process evenly narrowed distally, the dorsal lobe of distal saccular process narrower and pointed, the 1st medial diverticulum stronger bilobate, and the apical lobes  subapically narrowed and slightly broadened apically; distal costal process reduced; apical lobe of valva short, narrow, apically rounded; sacculus strongly sclerotized, its basal process with broad base, long, strongly curved, apically pointed; distal saccular process long, narrow, apically pointed, well separated from the apical lobe of valva and protruding over its tip, its dorsal lobe triangular thorn-like, broad, apically blunt.Aedeagus large, narrow, slightly curved; vesica broad, its structure typical for Barsine s. str.Basal diverticulum of moderate size, trianguar; 1st medial diverticulum moderately long, sack-like, bilobate, apical lobe larger than lateral one, both with scobination; 2nd medial diverticulum bilobate, covered by very small but strong cornuti of different size; 3rd medial diverticulum moderately long, slightly curved, with broad base, distally narrowed, with strong short cornuti of different size; 4th medial diverticulum small, globular, with several large short cornuti; 5th medial diverticulum very short but broad, with large strong cornuti of different size; basal plate of ductus ejaculatorius very broad, triangular, strongly sclerotized.Female genitalia (Fig. 24).Papillae anales broad, rectangular with rounded edges; apophyses anteriores and posteriores of approximately equal length, long and thin.Ostium bursae broad; antrum broad, strongly rugose; ductus bursae strongly sclerotized, flattened dorso-ventrally, anteriorly broadened, its anterior membranous sections short.Corpus bursae globular, membranous, with two large elliptical signa in medial and anterior sections, and strong sclerotization near base of appendix bursae and band of strong scobination along border of sclerotized area.Appendix bursae strongly sclerotized, conical, situated latero-dorsally, curved.
Etymology.The species name refers to its external resemblance with B. mactans.Distribution.The species is known from the Himalayan Region: Nepal, Bhutan and eastern India (Sikkim, north of West Bengal, Meghalaya).
Note.The species was reported for Darjeeling [West Bengal] by Daniel (1951) as one of specimens of B. gratiosa (in ZFMK, examined).